import base64
from datetime import timedelta as td
from secrets import token_bytes
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import time
import uuid

from django.db import transaction
from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib import messages
from django.contrib.auth import login as auth_login
from django.contrib.auth import logout as auth_logout
from django.contrib.auth import authenticate, update_session_auth_hash
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from django.core import signing
from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseForbidden, HttpResponseBadRequest
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, redirect, render
from django.utils.timezone import now
from django.urls import resolve, reverse, Resolver404
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
from django.views.decorators.http import require_POST
from fido2.ctap2 import AttestationObject, AuthenticatorData
from fido2.client import ClientData
from fido2.server import Fido2Server
from fido2.webauthn import PublicKeyCredentialRpEntity
from fido2 import cbor
from hc.accounts import forms
from hc.accounts.decorators import require_sudo_mode
from hc.accounts.models import Credential, Profile, Project, Member
from hc.api.models import Channel, Check, TokenBucket
from hc.payments.models import Subscription
import pyotp
import segno


POST_LOGIN_ROUTES = (
    "hc-checks",
    "hc-details",
    "hc-log",
    "hc-channels",
    "hc-add-slack",
    "hc-add-pushover",
    "hc-add-telegram",
    "hc-project-settings",
    "hc-uncloak",
)

FIDO2_SERVER = Fido2Server(PublicKeyCredentialRpEntity(settings.RP_ID, "healthchecks"))


def _allow_redirect(redirect_url):
    if not redirect_url:
        return False

    parsed = urlparse(redirect_url)
    if parsed.netloc:
        # Allow redirects only to relative URLs
        return False

    try:
        match = resolve(parsed.path)
    except Resolver404:
        return False

    return match.url_name in POST_LOGIN_ROUTES


def _make_user(email, tz=None, with_project=True):
    username = str(uuid.uuid4())[:30]
    user = User(username=username, email=email)
    user.set_unusable_password()
    user.save()

    project = None
    if with_project:
        project = Project(owner=user)
        project.badge_key = user.username
        project.save()

        check = Check(project=project)
        check.name = "My First Check"
        check.save()

        channel = Channel(project=project)
        channel.kind = "email"
        channel.value = email
        channel.email_verified = True
        channel.save()

        channel.checks.add(check)

    # Ensure a profile gets created
    profile = Profile.objects.for_user(user)
    if tz:
        profile.tz = tz
        profile.save()

    return user


def _redirect_after_login(request):
    """ Redirect to the URL indicated in ?next= query parameter. """

    redirect_url = request.GET.get("next")
    if _allow_redirect(redirect_url):
        return redirect(redirect_url)

    if request.user.project_set.count() == 1:
        project = request.user.project_set.first()
        return redirect("hc-checks", project.code)

    return redirect("hc-index")


def _check_2fa(request, user):
    have_keys = user.credentials.exists()
    profile = Profile.objects.for_user(user)
    if have_keys or profile.totp:
        # We have verified user's password or token, and now must
        # verify their security key. We store the following in user's session:
        # - user.id, to look up the user in the login_webauthn view
        # - user.email, to make sure email was not changed between the auth steps
        # - timestamp, to limit the max time between the auth steps
        request.session["2fa_user"] = [user.id, user.email, int(time.time())]

        if have_keys:
            path = reverse("hc-login-webauthn")
        else:
            path = reverse("hc-login-totp")

        redirect_url = request.GET.get("next")
        if _allow_redirect(redirect_url):
            path += "?next=%s" % redirect_url

        return redirect(path)

    auth_login(request, user)
    return _redirect_after_login(request)


def login(request):
    form = forms.PasswordLoginForm()
    magic_form = forms.EmailLoginForm()

    if request.method == "POST":
        if request.POST.get("action") == "login":
            form = forms.PasswordLoginForm(request.POST)
            if form.is_valid():
                return _check_2fa(request, form.user)

        else:
            magic_form = forms.EmailLoginForm(request.POST)
            if magic_form.is_valid():
                redirect_url = request.GET.get("next")
                if not _allow_redirect(redirect_url):
                    redirect_url = None

                profile = Profile.objects.for_user(magic_form.user)
                profile.send_instant_login_link(redirect_url=redirect_url)
                response = redirect("hc-login-link-sent")

                # check_token_submit looks for this cookie to decide if
                # it needs to do the extra POST step.
                response.set_cookie("auto-login", "1", max_age=300, httponly=True)
                return response

    if request.user.is_authenticated:
        return _redirect_after_login(request)

    bad_link = request.session.pop("bad_link", None)
    ctx = {
        "page": "login",
        "form": form,
        "magic_form": magic_form,
        "bad_link": bad_link,
        "registration_open": settings.REGISTRATION_OPEN,
        "support_email": settings.SUPPORT_EMAIL,
    }
    return render(request, "accounts/login.html", ctx)


def logout(request):
    auth_logout(request)
    return redirect("hc-index")


@require_POST
@csrf_exempt
def signup(request):
    if not settings.REGISTRATION_OPEN:
        return HttpResponseForbidden()

    ctx = {}
    form = forms.SignupForm(request.POST)
    if form.is_valid():
        email = form.cleaned_data["identity"]
        tz = form.cleaned_data["tz"]
        user = _make_user(email, tz)
        profile = Profile.objects.for_user(user)
        profile.send_instant_login_link()
        ctx["created"] = True
    else:
        ctx = {"form": form}

    response = render(request, "accounts/signup_result.html", ctx)
    if ctx.get("created"):
        response.set_cookie("auto-login", "1", max_age=300, httponly=True)

    return response


def login_link_sent(request):
    return render(request, "accounts/login_link_sent.html")


def check_token(request, username, token):
    if request.user.is_authenticated and request.user.username == username:
        # User is already logged in
        return _redirect_after_login(request)

    # Some email servers open links in emails to check for malicious content.
    # To work around this, we sign user in if the method is POST
    # *or* if the browser presents a cookie we had set when sending the login link.
    #
    # If the method is GET and the auto-login cookie isn't present, we serve
    # a HTML form with a submit button.

    if request.method == "POST" or "auto-login" in request.COOKIES:
        user = authenticate(username=username, token=token)
        if user is not None and user.is_active:
            user.profile.token = ""
            user.profile.save()
            return _check_2fa(request, user)

        request.session["bad_link"] = True
        return redirect("hc-login")

    return render(request, "accounts/check_token_submit.html")


@login_required
def profile(request):
    profile = request.profile

    ctx = {
        "page": "profile",
        "profile": profile,
        "my_projects_status": "default",
        "2fa_status": "default",
        "added_credential_name": request.session.pop("added_credential_name", ""),
        "removed_credential_name": request.session.pop("removed_credential_name", ""),
        "enabled_totp": request.session.pop("enabled_totp", False),
        "disabled_totp": request.session.pop("disabled_totp", False),
        "credentials": list(request.user.credentials.order_by("id")),
        "use_webauthn": settings.RP_ID,
    }

    if ctx["added_credential_name"] or ctx["enabled_totp"]:
        ctx["2fa_status"] = "success"

    if ctx["removed_credential_name"] or ctx["disabled_totp"]:
        ctx["2fa_status"] = "info"

    if request.session.pop("changed_password", False):
        ctx["changed_password"] = True
        ctx["email_password_status"] = "success"

    if request.method == "POST" and "leave_project" in request.POST:
        code = request.POST["code"]
        try:
            project = Project.objects.get(code=code, member__user=request.user)
        except Project.DoesNotExist:
            return HttpResponseBadRequest()

        Member.objects.filter(project=project, user=request.user).delete()

        ctx["left_project"] = project
        ctx["my_projects_status"] = "info"

    return render(request, "accounts/profile.html", ctx)


@login_required
@require_POST
def add_project(request):
    form = forms.ProjectNameForm(request.POST)
    if not form.is_valid():
        return HttpResponseBadRequest()

    project = Project(owner=request.user)
    project.code = project.badge_key = str(uuid.uuid4())
    project.name = form.cleaned_data["name"]
    project.save()

    return redirect("hc-checks", project.code)


@login_required
def project(request, code):
    project = get_object_or_404(Project, code=code)
    is_owner = project.owner_id == request.user.id

    if request.user.is_superuser or is_owner:
        is_manager = True
        rw = True
    else:
        membership = get_object_or_404(Member, project=project, user=request.user)
        is_manager = membership.role == Member.Role.MANAGER
        rw = membership.is_rw

    ctx = {
        "page": "project",
        "rw": rw,
        "project": project,
        "is_owner": is_owner,
        "is_manager": is_manager,
        "show_api_keys": "show_api_keys" in request.GET,
        "enable_prometheus": settings.PROMETHEUS_ENABLED is True,
    }

    if request.method == "POST":
        if "create_api_keys" in request.POST:
            if not rw:
                return HttpResponseForbidden()

            project.set_api_keys()
            project.save()

            ctx["show_api_keys"] = True
            ctx["api_keys_created"] = True
            ctx["api_status"] = "success"
        elif "revoke_api_keys" in request.POST:
            if not rw:
                return HttpResponseForbidden()

            project.api_key = ""
            project.api_key_readonly = ""
            project.save()

            ctx["api_keys_revoked"] = True
            ctx["api_status"] = "info"
        elif "show_api_keys" in request.POST:
            if not rw:
                return HttpResponseForbidden()

            ctx["show_api_keys"] = True
        elif "invite_team_member" in request.POST:
            if not is_manager:
                return HttpResponseForbidden()

            form = forms.InviteTeamMemberForm(request.POST)
            if form.is_valid():
                email = form.cleaned_data["email"]

                invite_suggestions = project.invite_suggestions()
                if not invite_suggestions.filter(email=email).exists():
                    # We're inviting a new user. Are we within team size limit?
                    if not project.can_invite_new_users():
                        return HttpResponseForbidden()

                    # And are we not hitting a rate limit?
                    if not TokenBucket.authorize_invite(request.user):
                        return render(request, "try_later.html")

                try:
                    user = User.objects.get(email=email)
                except User.DoesNotExist:
                    user = _make_user(email, with_project=False)

                if project.invite(user, role=form.cleaned_data["role"]):
                    ctx["team_member_invited"] = email
                    ctx["team_status"] = "success"
                else:
                    ctx["team_member_duplicate"] = email
                    ctx["team_status"] = "info"

        elif "remove_team_member" in request.POST:
            if not is_manager:
                return HttpResponseForbidden()

            form = forms.RemoveTeamMemberForm(request.POST)
            if form.is_valid():
                q = User.objects
                q = q.filter(email=form.cleaned_data["email"])
                q = q.filter(memberships__project=project)
                farewell_user = q.first()
                if farewell_user is None:
                    return HttpResponseBadRequest()

                if farewell_user == request.user:
                    return HttpResponseBadRequest()

                Member.objects.filter(project=project, user=farewell_user).delete()

                ctx["team_member_removed"] = form.cleaned_data["email"]
                ctx["team_status"] = "info"
        elif "set_project_name" in request.POST:
            if not rw:
                return HttpResponseForbidden()

            form = forms.ProjectNameForm(request.POST)
            if form.is_valid():
                project.name = form.cleaned_data["name"]
                project.save()

                ctx["project_name_updated"] = True
                ctx["project_name_status"] = "success"

        elif "transfer_project" in request.POST:
            if not is_owner:
                return HttpResponseForbidden()

            form = forms.TransferForm(request.POST)
            if form.is_valid():
                # Look up the proposed new owner
                email = form.cleaned_data["email"]
                try:
                    membership = project.member_set.filter(user__email=email).get()
                except Member.DoesNotExist:
                    return HttpResponseBadRequest()

                # Revoke any previous transfer requests
                project.member_set.update(transfer_request_date=None)

                # Initiate the new request
                membership.transfer_request_date = now()
                membership.save()

                # Send an email notification
                profile = Profile.objects.for_user(membership.user)
                profile.send_transfer_request(project)

                ctx["transfer_initiated"] = True
                ctx["transfer_status"] = "success"

        elif "cancel_transfer" in request.POST:
            if not is_owner:
                return HttpResponseForbidden()

            project.member_set.update(transfer_request_date=None)
            ctx["transfer_cancelled"] = True
            ctx["transfer_status"] = "success"

        elif "accept_transfer" in request.POST:
            tr = project.transfer_request()
            if not tr or tr.user != request.user:
                return HttpResponseForbidden()

            if not tr.can_accept():
                return HttpResponseBadRequest()

            with transaction.atomic():
                # 1. Reuse the existing membership, and change its user
                tr.user = project.owner
                tr.transfer_request_date = None
                # The previous owner becomes a regular member
                # (not readonly, not manager):
                tr.role = Member.Role.REGULAR
                tr.save()

                # 2. Change project's owner
                project.owner = request.user
                project.save()

            ctx["is_owner"] = True
            ctx["is_manager"] = True
            messages.success(request, "You are now the owner of this project!")

        elif "reject_transfer" in request.POST:
            tr = project.transfer_request()
            if not tr or tr.user != request.user:
                return HttpResponseForbidden()

            tr.transfer_request_date = None
            tr.save()

    q = project.member_set.select_related("user").order_by("user__email")
    ctx["memberships"] = list(q)
    return render(request, "accounts/project.html", ctx)


@login_required
def notifications(request):
    profile = request.profile

    ctx = {"status": "default", "page": "profile", "profile": profile}

    if request.method == "POST":
        form = forms.ReportSettingsForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            if form.cleaned_data["tz"]:
                profile.tz = form.cleaned_data["tz"]
            profile.reports = form.cleaned_data["reports"]
            profile.next_report_date = profile.choose_next_report_date()

            if profile.nag_period != form.cleaned_data["nag_period"]:
                # Set the new nag period
                profile.nag_period = form.cleaned_data["nag_period"]
                # and update next_nag_date:
                if profile.nag_period:
                    profile.update_next_nag_date()
                else:
                    profile.next_nag_date = None

            profile.save()
            ctx["status"] = "info"

    return render(request, "accounts/notifications.html", ctx)


@login_required
@require_sudo_mode
def set_password(request):
    if request.method == "POST":
        form = forms.SetPasswordForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            password = form.cleaned_data["password"]
            request.user.set_password(password)
            request.user.save()

            request.profile.token = ""
            request.profile.save()

            # update the session with the new password hash so that
            # the user doesn't  get logged out
            update_session_auth_hash(request, request.user)

            request.session["changed_password"] = True
            return redirect("hc-profile")

    return render(request, "accounts/set_password.html", {})


@login_required
@require_sudo_mode
def change_email(request):
    if request.method == "POST":
        form = forms.ChangeEmailForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            request.user.email = form.cleaned_data["email"]
            request.user.set_unusable_password()
            request.user.save()

            request.profile.token = ""
            request.profile.save()

            return redirect("hc-change-email-done")
    else:
        form = forms.ChangeEmailForm()

    return render(request, "accounts/change_email.html", {"form": form})


def change_email_done(request):
    return render(request, "accounts/change_email_done.html")


@csrf_exempt
def unsubscribe_reports(request, signed_username):
    # Some email servers open links in emails to check for malicious content.
    # To work around this, for GET requests we serve a confirmation form.
    # If the signature is more than 5 minutes old, we also include JS code to
    # auto-submit the form.

    signer = signing.TimestampSigner(salt="reports")
    # First, check the signature without looking at the timestamp:
    try:
        username = signer.unsign(signed_username)
    except signing.BadSignature:
        return render(request, "bad_link.html")

    try:
        user = User.objects.get(username=username)
    except User.DoesNotExist:
        # This is likely an old unsubscribe link, and the user account has already
        # been deleted. Show the "Unsubscribed!" page nevertheless.
        return render(request, "accounts/unsubscribed.html")

    if request.method != "POST":
        # Unsign again, now with max_age set,
        # to see if the timestamp is older than 5 minutes
        try:
            autosubmit = False
            username = signer.unsign(signed_username, max_age=300)
        except signing.SignatureExpired:
            autosubmit = True

        ctx = {"autosubmit": autosubmit}
        return render(request, "accounts/unsubscribe_submit.html", ctx)

    profile = Profile.objects.for_user(user)
    profile.reports = "off"
    profile.next_report_date = None
    profile.nag_period = td()
    profile.next_nag_date = None
    profile.save()

    return render(request, "accounts/unsubscribed.html")


@login_required
@require_sudo_mode
def close(request):
    user = request.user

    if request.method == "POST":
        if request.POST.get("confirmation") == request.user.email:
            # Cancel their subscription:
            sub = Subscription.objects.filter(user=user).first()
            if sub:
                sub.cancel()

            # Deleting user also deletes its profile, checks, channels etc.
            user.delete()

            request.session.flush()
            return redirect("hc-index")

    ctx = {}
    if "confirmation" in request.POST:
        ctx["wrong_confirmation"] = True

    return render(request, "accounts/close_account.html", ctx)


@require_POST
@login_required
def remove_project(request, code):
    project = get_object_or_404(Project, code=code, owner=request.user)
    project.delete()
    return redirect("hc-index")


def _get_credential_data(request, form):
    """ Complete WebAuthn registration, return binary credential data.

    This function is an interface to the fido2 library. It is separated
    out so that we don't need to mock ClientData, AttestationObject,
    register_complete separately in tests.

    """

    try:
        auth_data = FIDO2_SERVER.register_complete(
            request.session["state"],
            ClientData(form.cleaned_data["client_data_json"]),
            AttestationObject(form.cleaned_data["attestation_object"]),
        )
    except ValueError:
        return None

    return auth_data.credential_data


@login_required
@require_sudo_mode
def add_webauthn(request):
    if not settings.RP_ID:
        return HttpResponse(status=404)

    if request.method == "POST":
        form = forms.AddWebAuthnForm(request.POST)
        if not form.is_valid():
            return HttpResponseBadRequest()

        credential_data = _get_credential_data(request, form)
        if not credential_data:
            return HttpResponseBadRequest()

        c = Credential(user=request.user)
        c.name = form.cleaned_data["name"]
        c.data = credential_data
        c.save()

        request.session["added_credential_name"] = c.name
        return redirect("hc-profile")

    credentials = [c.unpack() for c in request.user.credentials.all()]
    # User handle is used in a username-less authentication, to map a credential
    # received from browser with an user account in the database.
    # Since we only use security keys as a second factor,
    # the user handle is not of much use to us.
    #
    # The user handle:
    #  - must not be blank,
    #  - must not be a constant value,
    #  - must not contain personally identifiable information.
    # So we use random bytes, and don't store them on our end:
    options, state = FIDO2_SERVER.register_begin(
        {
            "id": token_bytes(16),
            "name": request.user.email,
            "displayName": request.user.email,
        },
        credentials,
    )

    request.session["state"] = state

    ctx = {"options": base64.b64encode(cbor.encode(options)).decode()}
    return render(request, "accounts/add_credential.html", ctx)


@login_required
@require_sudo_mode
def add_totp(request):
    if request.profile.totp:
        # TOTP is already configured, refuse to continue
        return HttpResponseBadRequest()

    if "totp_secret" not in request.session:
        request.session["totp_secret"] = pyotp.random_base32()

    totp = pyotp.totp.TOTP(request.session["totp_secret"])

    if request.method == "POST":
        form = forms.TotpForm(totp, request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            request.profile.totp = request.session["totp_secret"]
            request.profile.totp_created = now()
            request.profile.save()

            request.session["enabled_totp"] = True
            request.session.pop("totp_secret")
            return redirect("hc-profile")
    else:
        form = forms.TotpForm(totp)

    uri = totp.provisioning_uri(name=request.user.email, issuer_name=settings.SITE_NAME)
    qr_data_uri = segno.make(uri).png_data_uri(scale=8)
    ctx = {"form": form, "qr_data_uri": qr_data_uri}
    return render(request, "accounts/add_totp.html", ctx)


@login_required
@require_sudo_mode
def remove_totp(request):
    if request.method == "POST" and "disable_totp" in request.POST:
        request.profile.totp = None
        request.profile.totp_created = None
        request.profile.save()
        request.session["disabled_totp"] = True
        return redirect("hc-profile")

    ctx = {"is_last": not request.user.credentials.exists()}
    return render(request, "accounts/remove_totp.html", ctx)


@login_required
@require_sudo_mode
def remove_credential(request, code):
    if not settings.RP_ID:
        return HttpResponse(status=404)

    try:
        credential = Credential.objects.get(user=request.user, code=code)
    except Credential.DoesNotExist:
        return HttpResponseBadRequest()

    if request.method == "POST" and "remove_credential" in request.POST:
        request.session["removed_credential_name"] = credential.name
        credential.delete()
        return redirect("hc-profile")

    if request.profile.totp:
        is_last = False
    else:
        is_last = request.user.credentials.count() == 1

    ctx = {"credential": credential, "is_last": is_last}
    return render(request, "accounts/remove_credential.html", ctx)


def _check_credential(request, form, credentials):
    """ Complete WebAuthn authentication, return True on success.

    This function is an interface to the fido2 library. It is separated
    out so that we don't need to mock ClientData, AuthenticatorData,
    authenticate_complete separately in tests.

    """

    try:
        FIDO2_SERVER.authenticate_complete(
            request.session["state"],
            credentials,
            form.cleaned_data["credential_id"],
            ClientData(form.cleaned_data["client_data_json"]),
            AuthenticatorData(form.cleaned_data["authenticator_data"]),
            form.cleaned_data["signature"],
        )
    except ValueError:
        return False

    return True


def login_webauthn(request):
    # We require RP_ID. Fail predicably if it is not set:
    if not settings.RP_ID:
        return HttpResponse(status=500)

    # Expect an unauthenticated user
    if request.user.is_authenticated:
        return HttpResponseBadRequest()

    if "2fa_user" not in request.session:
        return HttpResponseBadRequest()

    user_id, email, timestamp = request.session["2fa_user"]
    if timestamp + 300 < time.time():
        return redirect("hc-login")

    try:
        user = User.objects.get(id=user_id, email=email)
    except User.DoesNotExist:
        return HttpResponseBadRequest()

    credentials = [c.unpack() for c in user.credentials.all()]

    if request.method == "POST":
        form = forms.WebAuthnForm(request.POST)
        if not form.is_valid():
            return HttpResponseBadRequest()

        if not _check_credential(request, form, credentials):
            return HttpResponseBadRequest()

        request.session.pop("state")
        request.session.pop("2fa_user")
        auth_login(request, user, "hc.accounts.backends.EmailBackend")
        return _redirect_after_login(request)

    options, state = FIDO2_SERVER.authenticate_begin(credentials)
    request.session["state"] = state

    totp_url = None
    if user.profile.totp:
        totp_url = reverse("hc-login-totp")

        redirect_url = request.GET.get("next")
        if _allow_redirect(redirect_url):
            totp_url += "?next=%s" % redirect_url

    ctx = {
        "options": base64.b64encode(cbor.encode(options)).decode(),
        "totp_url": totp_url,
    }
    return render(request, "accounts/login_webauthn.html", ctx)


def login_totp(request):
    # Expect an unauthenticated user
    if request.user.is_authenticated:
        return HttpResponseBadRequest()

    if "2fa_user" not in request.session:
        return HttpResponseBadRequest()

    user_id, email, timestamp = request.session["2fa_user"]
    if timestamp + 300 < time.time():
        return redirect("hc-login")

    try:
        user = User.objects.get(id=user_id, email=email)
    except User.DoesNotExist:
        return HttpResponseBadRequest()

    if not user.profile.totp:
        return HttpResponseBadRequest()

    totp = pyotp.totp.TOTP(user.profile.totp)
    if request.method == "POST":
        # To guard against brute-forcing TOTP codes, we allow
        # 96 attempts per user per 24h.
        if not TokenBucket.authorize_totp_attempt(user):
            return render(request, "try_later.html")

        form = forms.TotpForm(totp, request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            # We blacklist an used TOTP code for 90 seconds,
            # so an attacker cannot reuse a stolen code.
            if not TokenBucket.authorize_totp_code(user, form.cleaned_data["code"]):
                return render(request, "try_later.html")

            request.session.pop("2fa_user")
            auth_login(request, user, "hc.accounts.backends.EmailBackend")
            return _redirect_after_login(request)
    else:
        form = forms.TotpForm(totp)

    return render(request, "accounts/login_totp.html", {"form": form})


@login_required
def appearance(request):
    profile = request.profile

    ctx = {
        "page": "appearance",
        "profile": profile,
        "status": "default",
    }

    if request.method == "POST":
        theme = request.POST.get("theme", "")
        if theme in ("", "dark"):
            profile.theme = theme
            profile.save()
            ctx["status"] = "info"

    return render(request, "accounts/appearance.html", ctx)